The soulless “bonification”: Venezuela versus Rerum Novarum
Walking down Urdaneta Avenue during a protest of university retirees is to witness a cruel anachronism. Faces carrying decades of teaching, research, and public service crowd in front of police lines, not demanding luxuries, but clamoring for the minimum: survival. This scene, which repeats with painful frequency in 2026, would have been familiar to Pope Leo XIII when in 1891 he drafted the encyclical Rerum Novarum. That document, which laid the foundations of Catholic Social Teaching, was born to denounce the “miseries and calamities that so unjustly weigh upon the greater part of the working class.” Leo XIII warned of a world where a handful of powerful imposed an almost servile yoke on a mass of dispossessed workers. One hundred and thirty-five years later, the Venezuelan economic model has achieved a macabre feat: reissuing those injustices of the 19th century under a veneer of progressive rhetoric, replacing real wages with a bonus structure that strips work of its human and legal content.